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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="Joint_custody" title="Joint custody">joint custody</a></div>

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<p><b>Shared parenting</b>, <b>shared residence</b>, <b>joint residence</b>, <b>shared custody</b>, <b>joint physical custody</b>, <b>equal parenting time</b> (<b>EPT</b>) is a <a href="Child_custody" title="Child custody">child custody</a> arrangement after <a href="Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> or <a href="Marital_separation" title="Marital separation">separation</a>, in which both <a href="Parent" title="Parent">parents</a> share the responsibility of raising their <a href="Child" title="Child">child(ren)</a>, with equal or close to equal parenting time.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A regime of shared parenting is based on the idea that children have the right to and benefit from a close relationship with both their parents, and that no child should be separated from a parent.

</p><p>The term <i>Shared Parenting</i> is applied in cases of divorce, separation or when parents do not live together; in contrast, a <a href="Shared_earning/shared_parenting_marriage" title="Shared earning/shared parenting marriage">shared earning/shared parenting marriage</a> is a marriage where the partners choose to share the work of child-raising, earning money, house chores and recreation time in nearly equal fashion across all four domains. <i>Shared parenting</i> is different from <a href="Split_custody" title="Split custody">split custody</a>, where some children live primarily with their mother while one or more of their siblings live primarily with their father.

</p><p><i>Bird's nest custody</i> is an unusual but increasingly common form of shared parenting where the child always lives in the same home, while the two parents take turns living with the child in that home.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its long term use can be expensive as it requires three residences, and it is most commonly used as a temporary shared parenting arrangement until one parent has found a suitable home elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With two children, it may reduce the requirements from space at two locations for 3+3 = 6 persons to space for 1+3+1 = 5 persons at three locations, for 3 children the calculus is 1+4+1 = 6 spaces instead of 4+4 = 8 spaces. The availability of second accommodations for each of the parents, e.g. at their parents or new partners, or at more distant workplaces that allow only weekend commuting, affect the feasibility.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frequency">Frequency</h2></div>

<p>The popularity of shared parenting, or equal parenting time (EPT), has increased greatly in the past ten years. In Spain in 2022, for instance, 'Due to legal reforms, equal parenting time (EPT) laws in Spain now apply to approximately 40% of all divorces.'<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The frequency of shared parenting versus sole custody varies across countries, being most common in Scandinavia.<sup id="cite_ref-Fransson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fransson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In a comparative survey of 34 western countries conducted from 2005 to 2006, the proportion of children aged 11 to 15 living in a shared parenting arrangement versus sole custody was highest in Sweden (17%), followed by Iceland (11%), Belgium (11%), Denmark (10%), Italy (9%) and Norway (9%). Ukraine, Poland, Croatia, Turkey, the Netherlands and Romania all had 2% or less. Among the English speaking countries, Canada and the United Kingdom had 7% while the United States and Ireland had 5%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Shared parenting is increasing in popularity and it is particularly common in <a href="Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fransson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fransson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Collins_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Circa 2016-2017, the percentage in Sweden had increased to 28%; with 26% for children age 0–5 years, 34% among the 6-12 year old age group, and 23% among the oldest children ages 13–18.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_research">Scientific research</h2></div>

<p>Epidemiological studies on the effect of shared parenting on children has been conducted using both <a href="Cross-sectional_study" title="Cross-sectional study">cross-sectional</a> and <a href="Longitudinal_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Longitudinal studies">longitudinal</a> study designs. Their conclusions are that children with a shared parenting arrangement have better physical, mental, social and academic outcomes compared to children in a primary parenting arrangement. These finding holds for all age groups, whether the parents have an amicable or high-conflict relationship, and after adjusting for socio-economic variables.<sup id="cite_ref-Collins_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Collins-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Warshak_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Warshak-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>With its early adoption of shared parenting and excellent health data, the largest studies on shared parenting have been conducted in Sweden. In a large cross-sectional study comparing over 50,000 children, ages 12 and 15, living in either a shared or sole custody arrangement, Dr. <a href="Malin_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Malin Bergström">Malin Bergström</a> found that children with shared parenting had better outcomes for physical health, psychological well-being, moods and emotions, self-perception, autonomy, parental relations, material outcomes, peer relations, school satisfaction and social acceptance.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergström_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergström-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using data from the same cross-sectional <a href="Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">survey</a>, Bergström did a follow-up study focusing on <a href="Psychosomatic_medicine" title="Psychosomatic medicine">psychosomatic</a> problems of concentration, sleeping, headaches, stomach aches, tenseness, lack of appetite, sadness and dizziness. They found that both boys and girls did better living in a shared parenting versus sole custody arrangement. Both studies adjusted for selected socio-economic variables.<sup id="cite_ref-Bergström2015_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bergström2015-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A review of 60 quantitative research studies found that in 34 of the studies, children in a shared parenting arrangement had better outcomes on all measured variables for well-being, most notably for their family relationships, physical health, adolescent behavior and mental health. In 14 studies, they had better or equal outcomes on all measures, in 6 studies that had equal outcomes on all measures, and in 6 studies that had worse outcomes on one measure and equal or better outcomes on the remaining measures. The results were similar for the subset of studies that adjusted for socio-economic variables and the level of conflict between parents. The variable with the smallest difference was academic achievement, for which only 3 out 10 studies showed an advantage for shared parenting.<sup id="cite_ref-Nielsen_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nielsen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies indicate that children fare better in joint custody arrangements, or where they have good access to both parents, as compared to sole custody arrangements.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parental_benefits">Parental benefits</h2></div>

<p>While the primary arguments for shared parenting is based on the child's best interest of having close contact with both parents in their daily life, there are also important advantages to the parents. Most parents enjoy spending time with their children, and with shared parenting, both parents have that joy in their life. Both parents also get child-free time to work or play without having to hire a <a href="Baby_sitter" class="mw-redirect" title="Baby sitter">baby sitter</a>, which a sole custodial parent must do. Moreover, both parents get the same opportunity for <a href="Career_development" title="Career development">career development</a> and advancement. In fact, some argue that shared parenting is one critical component in the efforts to reduce the <a href="Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">gender pay gap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Anzilotti_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anzilotti-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Karabell_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karabell-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits_for_children">Benefits for children</h2></div>

<p>Not only can shared parenting benefit parents, but it can also benefit children. In a study conducted by Cambridge University, it was found that children of parents with higher levels of shared parenting responsibilities experienced fewer emotional and conduct issues.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, shared parenting can help children develop better <a href="Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">problem solving</a> and communication skills, while also providing greater stability through consistent schedules and routines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2></div>

<p>Early criticism of shared parenting was based upon the assumptions (i) that children need one single primary <a href="Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">attachment</a> figure to bond with, (ii) that child development suffer from frequent moves back and forth between two households, and (iii) that one should not disrupt the status quo.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruk_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scientific research finds support for and against these assumptions. It is important that child-specific factors like parental temperament, environmental factors, and genetic factors are considered before attempting to determine how a specific parenting style will affect a child's <a href="Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment Theory</a>.

</p><p>A second wave of criticism argued that shared parenting increases parental conflict and that shared parenting is only suitable for parents who get along well as co-parents.<sup id="cite_ref-Emery_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once more, research has found support for and against this criticism. The science suggests the appropriateness of any parenting style must be decided on a case-by-case basis. Parents with mental illness, personality disorder, history of abuse, or history of substance abuse may make shared parenting a poor choice. Couples at high risk for interpersonal violence also do not make good shared parenting candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-Risk_Factors_IPV_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Risk_Factors_IPV-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A third wave of criticism acknowledges that shared parenting could be an appropriate custodial arrangement but argued that there should be no presumptions in <a href="Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a>, with each custody decision made based upon a judge's assessment of the <a href="Best_interest" class="mw-redirect" title="Best interest">best interest</a> of a child.<sup id="cite_ref-Kruk_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kruk-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics also suggest that shared parenting requires more logistical coordination.<sup id="cite_ref-Emery_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Emery-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Post_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Post-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legislation">Legislation</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="List_of_shared_parenting_legislation" title="List of shared parenting legislation">List of shared parenting legislation</a></div>

<p>Some legislatures have established a legal <a href="Rebuttable_presumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebuttable presumption">rebuttable presumption</a> for <i>shared parenting</i> which favors shared parenting in most custody cases while allowing the court to order alternative arrangements based upon evidence that shared parenting would not be in the best interest of the children, such as in cases of parental <a href="Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">child abuse</a> or <a href="Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">neglect</a>. Bills promoting shared parenting have been introduced in Canada<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the United States.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3></div>

<p>In 2006, Italy passed a law that made joint custody the default arrangement for separating couples.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study of the effect of the law suggested that the joint custody presumption increased the duration and complexity of custody litigation, but that it did not find evidence that parents were making concessions on the division of assets to "buy back" custody from the other parent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3></div>

<p>In 2018, <a href="Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> became the first jurisdiction to establish a legal presumption for shared parenting, after the house voted 81-2 and the senate voted 38–0 in favor, and after the bill was signed by governor <a href="Matt_Bevin" title="Matt Bevin">Matt Bevin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar laws were passed by both chambers in <a href="Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a> and <a href="Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, but vetoed by the governors.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aslanian_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aslanian-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dockery_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dockery-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NPO-FL_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NPO-FL-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Some <a href="Family_law" title="Family law">family lawyers</a> and <a href="State_bar_association" title="State bar association">state bar associations</a> have argued against a presumption of joint parenting.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, concerns have been expressed that a presumption for joint custody might get in the way of negotiated custody outcomes that are better suited to the children, and joint custody might be inappropriately imposed upon couples who suffer unnecessary financial burdens or conflict as a result.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advocacy">Advocacy</h2></div>

<p>The advocacy for shared parenting is a world-wide movement. It is unified in its belief that shared parenting is in the best interest of children, and that it is a children's right issue. The gender perspective, however, varies greatly across nations. In Scandinavian countries, such as Iceland, it is commonly viewed as a gender equity issue with strong support from women's organizations. As a contrast, in North America, several organizations see it as a father's rights issue, and some women's organizations work against shared parenting, while other women are among the strongest advocates. As yet another contrast, in countries like Turkey and Iran, it is often seen as a women's right issue, as sole custody is commonly awarded to the father.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There are a number of organizations that advocate for shared parenting as being in the best interest of children:

</p>

<caption>National and International Shared Parenting Advocacy Organizations

</caption>

<th>Name

</th>

<th>Geography

</th>

<th>Founded

</th>

<th>Motto

</th>

<th>Website

</th></tr>

<tr>

<td>Americans for Equal Shared Parenting

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><i>between the parents - about the child</i>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://afesp.com/">afesp.com</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Canadian_Children's_Rights_Council" title="Canadian Children's Rights Council">Canadian Children's Rights Council</a>

</td>

<td>Canada

</td>

<td>1991

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>canadiancrc.com

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Canadian Equal Parenting Council

</td>

<td>Canada

</td>

<td>2002

</td>

<td><i>kids need both parents!</i>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://equal-parenting.org/">equal-parenting.org</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Children's_Rights_Council" title="Children's Rights Council">Children's Rights Council</a>

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>1985

</td>

<td><i>the best parent is both parents</i>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.crckids.org/">crckids.org</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Children's Rights Initiative for Shared Parenting

</td>

<td>India

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crisp-india.org/">crisp-india.org</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="Families_Need_Fathers" title="Families Need Fathers">Families Need Fathers</a>

</td>

<td>United Kingdom

</td>

<td>1974

</td>

<td><i>because both parents matter</i>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Family Reunion

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familyreunionusa.org/">familyreunionusa.org</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="International_Council_on_Shared_Parenting" title="International Council on Shared Parenting">International Council on Shared Parenting</a>

</td>

<td>International

</td>

<td>2013

</td>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twohomes.org/">TwoHomes.org</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Leading Women for Shared Parenting

</td>

<td>International

</td>

<td>2013

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td><a href="National_Parents_Organization" title="National Parents Organization">National Parents Organization</a>

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>1998

</td>

<td><i>preserving the bond between parents and children</i>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sharedparenting.org/">sharedparenting.org</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Pappa Barn

</td>

<td>Sweden

</td>

<td>2006

</td>

<td><i>förening för mammor, pappor och anhöriga</i>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pappabarn.se/sv-SE">pappabarn.se</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190124203614/http://www.pappabarn.se/sv-SE">Archived</a> 2019-01-24 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Platform for European Fathers

</td>

<td>Europe

</td>

<td>2011

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeanfathers.wordpress.com/home/">europeanfathers.wordpress.com</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Shared Parenting Council of Australia

</td>

<td>Australia

</td>

<td>2002

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://flwg.com.au/guide/pg/spca">flwg.com.au/guide/pg/spca/</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Shared Parenting Information Group

</td>

<td>United Kingdom

</td>

<td>1996

</td>

<td><i>promoting responsible shared parenting after separation and divorce</i>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spig.clara.net/">spig.clara.net</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Shared Parenting Northern Ireland

</td>

<td>Northern Ireland

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><i>helping parents maintain contact with children post relationship breakdown</i>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.familiesinneedoffathers.info/">familiesinneedoffathers.info</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171003202727/http://www.familiesinneedoffathers.info/">Archived</a> 2017-10-03 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>The Father's Rights Movement

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fathersrightsmovement.us/">fathersrightsmovement.us</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130162115/https://fathersrightsmovement.us/">Archived</a> 2019-01-30 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Time to Put Kids First

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>2014

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timetoputkidsfirst.org/">timetoputkidsfirst.org</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Väter für Kinder

</td>

<td>Germany

</td>

<td>1988

</td>

<td><i>ich brauche beide (I need both)</i>

</td>

<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vaeterfuerkinder.de/index.html">vaeterfuerkinder.de</a>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Verein für elterliche Verantwortung

</td>

<td>Switzerland

</td>

<td>1992

</td>

<td>

</td>

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Georgia Parents for Kids' Rights, Inc.

</td>

<td>USA

</td>

<td>

</td>

<td><i>Advocating for the rights of Georgia's children to have equal access to both of their parents</i>

</td>

</td></tr></tbody></table>

<ul><li><a href="Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li>

<li><a href="Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Parenting_plan" title="Parenting plan">Parenting plan</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_supervision" title="Parental supervision">Parental supervision</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_residency_in_England" title="Shared residency in England">Shared residency in England</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_custody" title="Joint custody">Joint custody</a>

<ul><li><a href="Joint_custody_(United_States)" title="Joint custody (United States)">Joint custody (United States)</a></li>

<li><a href="Joint_custody_(Spain)" title="Joint custody (Spain)">Joint custody (Spain)</a></li></ul></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028114429/http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/S/Sharedcustody.aspx">"Shared Custody Definition"</a>. Duhaime's Law Dictionary. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/S/SharedCustody.aspx">the original</a> on 2020-10-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-01-24</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suffolkdivorcelawyer.com/2023/02/21/to-nest-or-not-to-nest-in-custody-cases-that-is-the-question/">"To Nest or Not to Nest in Custody Cases? That is the Question…"</a>. 21 February 2023.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Duhaime's Law Dictionary, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/B/BirdsNestCustody.aspx">Bird's Nest Custody Definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420053155/http://www.duhaime.org/LegalDictionary/B/BirdsNestCustody.aspx">Archived</a> 2021-04-20 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/home/2025/07/09/birdnesting-co-parenting-divorce/">https://www.washingtonpost.com/home/2025/07/09/birdnesting-co-parenting-divorce/</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">DanielFernandez-Kranz and NataliaNollenberger, 'The impact of equal parenting time laws on family outcomes and risky behavior by teenagers: Evidence from Spain', <i>Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization</i>, Volume 195, March 2022, pp. 303-325. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167268122000075">[1]</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Collins-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collins_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLois_M_Collins2016" class="citation news cs1">Lois M Collins (February 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deseret.com/2016/2/5/20581666/what-shared-parenting-is-and-how-it-can-affect-kids-after-divorce/">"What 'shared parenting' is and how it can affect kids after divorce"</a>. <i>Deseret News</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Nielsen-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nielsen_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Nielsen2018" class="citation journal cs1">Linda Nielsen (2018). "Joint Versus Sole Physical Custody: Children's Outcomes Independent of Parent–Child Relationships, Income, and Conflict in 60 Studies". <i>Journal of Divorce & Remarriage</i>. <b>59</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">247–</span>281. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10502556.2018.1454204">10.1080/10502556.2018.1454204</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149954035">149954035</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bjarnason T, Arnarsson AA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc/documents/2011__ja__bjarnason__joint_custody__jcfm_426.pdf">Joint Physical Custody and Communication with Parents: A Cross-National Study of Children in 36 Western Countries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171119035729/http://www.nuigalway.ie/hbsc/documents/2011__ja__bjarnason__joint_custody__jcfm_426.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-11-19 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 2011, 42:871-890.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Statistics Sweden, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scb.se/hitta-statistik/statistik-efter-amne/levnadsforhallanden/levnadsforhallanden/undersokningarna-av-levnadsforhallanden-ulf-silc/pong/tabell-och-diagram/boende/barns-boende-vaxelvis-boende-hos-mamma-hos-pappa-etc6.-2012-2017/">Barns boende (växelvis boende, hos mamma, hos pappa, etc.) 2012—2017</a>, November 11, 2018.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Bergström2015-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bergström2015_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBergström_MFransson_EModin_BBerlin_M2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bergström M; Fransson E; Modin B; Berlin M; Gustafsson P; Hjern A (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516006">"Fifty moves a year: Is there an association between joint physical custody and psychosomatic problems in children?"</a>. <i>Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health</i>. <b>69</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">769–</span>774. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjech-2014-205058">10.1136/jech-2014-205058</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4516006">4516006</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25922471">25922471</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:910426">910426</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBaudePearsonDrapeau2016" class="citation journal cs1">Baude, Amandine; Pearson, Jessica; Drapeau, Sylvie (27 June 2016). "Child Adjustment in Joint Physical Custody Versus Sole Custody: A Meta-Analytic Review". <i>Journal of Divorce & Remarriage</i>. <b>57</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">338–</span>360. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10502556.2016.1185203">10.1080/10502556.2016.1185203</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147782279">147782279</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Johnson-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEmma_Johnson2018" class="citation web cs1">Emma Johnson (May 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wealthysinglemommy.com/want-to-close-the-pay-gap-make-50-50-custody-mandatory/">"Close the pay gap? Get dads involved? Shared visitation, no child support"</a>. wealthysinglemommy.com.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Anzilotti-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anzilotti_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEillie_Anzilotti2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Eillie Anzilotti (April 3, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fastcompany.com/3069285/are-custody-laws-standing-in-the-way-of-gender-equity-2">"Are Custody Laws Standing In The Way Of Gender Equity?"</a>. <i>Fast Company</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womensequality.org.uk/equal_parenting_and_caregiving">"Equal Parenting and Caregiving"</a>. Women's Equality Party.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Karabell-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Karabell_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFShellie_Karabell2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Shellie Karabell (October 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/shelliekarabell/2016/10/30/want-to-close-the-pay-gap-call-on-dad/#2c3f24e87ed9">"Want To Close The Pay Gap? Call On Dad!"</a>. <i>Forbes Magazine</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCostMudiyanselageUnternaehrerKorczak2023" class="citation journal cs1">Cost, Katherine T.; Mudiyanselage, Piyumi; Unternaehrer, Eva; Korczak, Daphne J.; Crosbie, Jennifer; Anagnastou, Evdokia; Monga, Suneeta; Kelley, Elizabeth; Schachar, Russell; Maguire, Jonathon; Arnold, Paul; Burton, Christie L.; Georgiades, Stelios; Nicolson, Rob; Birken, Catherine S. (September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594096">"The role of parenting practices in parent and child mental health over time"</a>. <i>BJPsych Open</i>. <b>9</b> (5): e147. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjo.2023.529">10.1192/bjo.2023.529</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2056-4724">2056-4724</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10594096">10594096</a></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFP.C.2024" class="citation web cs1">P.C., Collins Family Law (2024-05-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsfamilylawpc.com/how-to-co-parent-after-divorce/">"How to Co-Parent After Divorce"</a>. <i>Collins Family Law P.C</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-01-03</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Kruk-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kruk_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kruk_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Kruk2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Edward Kruk (October 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/co-parenting-after-divorce/201810/countering-arguments-against-shared-parenting-in-family-law">"Countering Arguments Against Shared Parenting in Family Law: Have we reached a tipping point in the child custody debate?"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Emery-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Emery_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Emery_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_E._Emery2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Robert E. Emery (May 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/divorced-children/200905/joint-physical-custody">"Joint physical custody: Is joint physical custody best -- or worst -- for children?"</a>. <i>Psychology Today</i>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Risk_Factors_IPV-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Risk_Factors_IPV_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCapaldiKnobleShorttKim2012" class="citation journal cs1">Capaldi, Deborah M.; Knoble, Naomi B.; Shortt, Joann Wu; Kim, Hyoun K. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384540">"A Systematic Review of Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence"</a>. <i>Partner Abuse</i>. <b>3</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>280. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1891%2F1946-6560.3.2.231">10.1891/1946-6560.3.2.231</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3384540">3384540</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22754606">22754606</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Post-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Post_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDianne_Post1989" class="citation web cs1">Dianne Post (December 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1033&context=bglj">"Arguments against Joint Custody"</a>. Berkeley Journal of Gender, Law and Justice.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Kay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nationalpost.com/opinion/barbara-kay-congratulations-mr-scheer-might-i-suggest-that-equal-shared-parenting-be-one-of-your-key-policy-planks">Scheer should ensure fathers have the same parenting rights as mothers in child custody disputes</a>, National Post, May 31, 2017.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maurice Vellacott (Saskatoon—Wanuskewin), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parl.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=6353819&Language=en&Mode=1&View=5">C-560</a>, Parliament of Canada</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFDe_BlasioVuri2013" class="citation ssrn cs1">De Blasio, Guido; Vuri, Daneila (2013). "Joint Custody in the Italian Courts, IZA Discussion Paper No. 7472". <a href="SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2290470">2290470</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFde_BlasioVuri2019" class="citation journal cs1">de Blasio, Guido; Vuri, Daniela (8 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.child.carloalberto.org/images/documenti/child50_2016.pdf">"Effects of the Joint Custody Law in Italy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Empirical Legal Studies</i>. <b>16</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">479–</span>514. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjels.12225">10.1111/jels.12225</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158417533">158417533</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jason Petrie (R), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legiscan.com/KY/bill/HB528/2018">Kentucky House Bill 528</a>, LegiScan</span>

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<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matt Hancock, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courier-journal.com/story/opinion/contributors/2018/06/15/kentucky-now-has-best-joint-custody-law-country/705331002/">Kentucky takes a leading role with the nation's best joint-custody law</a>, Courier Journal, June 15, 2018.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Minnesota Legislature, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.revisor.mn.gov/bills/bill.php?b=House&f=HF0322&ssn=0&y=2011">HF 322, Status in the House for the 87th Legislature (2011–2012)</a></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Aslanian-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aslanian_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSasha_Aslanian2012" class="citation web cs1">Sasha Aslanian (May 24, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mprnews.org/story/2012/05/24/joint-custody-bill-veto">"Dayton vetoes bill that would have given divorced parents more presumed custody"</a>. Minnesota Public Radio News.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelli Stargel (R), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legiscan.com/FL/bill/S0668/2016">Florida Senate Bill 668</a>, LegiScan</span>

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<li id="cite_note-Dockery-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dockery_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPaula_Dockery2016" class="citation web cs1">Paula Dockery (April 30, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tallahassee.com/story/news/politics/2016/04/30/offering-rare-kudos-governor-scott/83598864/">"Offering rare kudos to Governor Scott"</a>. Tallahassee Democrat.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFerreiro1990" class="citation journal cs1">Ferreiro, Beverly Webster (October 1990). "Presumption of Joint Custody: A Family Policy Dilemma". <i>Family Relations</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">420–</span>426. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F585222">10.2307/585222</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/585222">585222</a>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBarry1997" class="citation journal cs1">Barry, Margaret M. (1997). "The District of Columbia's Joint CustodyPresumption: Misplaced Blame and Simplistic Solutions". <i>Catholic University Law Review</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 820.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kruk E, Collateral Damage: The Lived Experiences of Divorced Mothers Without Custody. Journal of Divorce and Remarriage, 2010:51,526-543.</span>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equalsharedparenting.com/">Equally Shared Parenting.com</a> Information and news about shared parenting and related legislation.</li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parenting148" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Parenting148" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Parenting" title="Parenting">Parenting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Kinship_terminology" title="Kinship terminology">Kinship terminology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Parent" title="Parent">Parent</a></li>

<li><a href="Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li>

<li><a href="Father" title="Father">Father</a></li>

<li><a href="Adoption" title="Adoption">Adoptive</a></li>

<li><a href="Alloparenting" title="Alloparenting">Alloparenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Coparenting" title="Coparenting">Coparenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Extended_family" title="Extended family">Extended family</a></li>

<li><a href="Foster_care" title="Foster care">Foster care</a></li>

<li><a href="Noncustodial_parent" title="Noncustodial parent">Noncustodial</a></li>

<li><a href="Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">Nuclear family</a></li>

<li><a href="Orphan" title="Orphan">Orphaned</a></li>

<li><a href="Single_parent" title="Single parent">Single parent</a></li>

<li><a href="Stepfamily" title="Stepfamily">Blended family</a></li>

<li><a href="Surrogacy" title="Surrogacy">Surrogacy</a></li>

<li><i><a href="In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">In loco parentis</a></i></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories <b>·</b> Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment theory</a></li>

<li><a href="Applied_behavior_analysis" title="Applied behavior analysis">Applied behavior analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">Behaviorism</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_development" title="Child development">Child development</a></li>

<li><a href="Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li>

<li><a href="Developmental_psychology" title="Developmental psychology">Developmental psychology</a></li>

<li><a href="Development_of_the_human_body" title="Development of the human body">Human development</a></li>

<li><a href="Identity_formation" title="Identity formation">Identity formation</a></li>

<li><a href="Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li>

<li><a href="Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">Maternal bond</a></li>

<li><a href="Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a>

<li><a href="Cost_of_raising_a_child" title="Cost of raising a child">Cost of raising a child</a></li>

<li><a href="Paternal_care" title="Paternal care">Paternal care</a></li>

<li><a href="Unpaid_work" title="Unpaid work">Unpaid work</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">Paternal bond</a></li>

<li><a href="Pediatrics" title="Pediatrics">Pediatrics</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_emotional_development" title="Social emotional development">Social emotional development</a></li>

<li><a href="Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Parenting_styles" title="Parenting styles">Styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Achievement_ideology" title="Achievement ideology">Achievement ideology</a></li>

<li><a href="Atlas_personality" title="Atlas personality">Atlas personality</a></li>

<li><a href="Attachment_parenting" title="Attachment parenting">Attachment parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Buddha-like_mindset" title="Buddha-like mindset">Buddha-like parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Concerted_cultivation" title="Concerted cultivation">Concerted cultivation</a></li>

<li><a href="Enmeshment" title="Enmeshment">Enmeshment</a></li>

<li><a href="Free-range_parenting" title="Free-range parenting">Free-range parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Gatekeeper_parent" title="Gatekeeper parent">Gatekeeper parent</a></li>

<li><a href="Helicopter_parent" title="Helicopter parent">Helicopter parent</a></li>

<li><a href="Nurturant_parent_model" title="Nurturant parent model">Nurturant parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Reflective_parenting" title="Reflective parenting">Reflective parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Slow_parenting" title="Slow parenting">Slow parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Soccer_mom" title="Soccer mom">Soccer mom</a></li>

<li><a href="Strict_father_model" title="Strict father model">Strict father model</a></li>

<li><a href="Taking_Children_Seriously" title="Taking Children Seriously">Taking Children Seriously</a></li>

<li><a href="Theybie" class="mw-redirect" title="Theybie">Theybie</a></li>

<li><a href="Tiger_parenting" title="Tiger parenting">Tiger parenting</a></li>

<li><a href="Work_at_home_parent" title="Work at home parent">Work at home parent</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="After-school_activity" title="After-school activity">After-school activity</a></li>

<li><a href="Allowance_(money)#Allowances_for_children" title="Allowance (money)">Allowance</a></li>

<li><a href="Bedtime" title="Bedtime">Bedtime</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_care" title="Child care">Child care</a></li>

<li><a href="Co-sleeping" title="Co-sleeping">Co-sleeping</a></li>

<li><a href="Dishabituation" title="Dishabituation">Dishabituation</a></li>

<li><a href="Education" title="Education">Education</a></li>

<li><a href="Habituation" title="Habituation">Habituation</a></li>

<li><a href="Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li>

<li><a href="Identification_(psychology)" title="Identification (psychology)">Identification (psychology)</a></li>

<li><a href="Introjection" title="Introjection">Introjection</a></li>

<li><a href="Kommune_1" title="Kommune 1">Kommune 1</a></li>

<li><a href="Latchkey_kid" title="Latchkey kid">Latchkey kid</a></li>

<li><a href="Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></li>

<li><a href="Normative_social_influence" title="Normative social influence">Normative social influence</a></li>

<li><a href="Parent_management_training" title="Parent management training">Parent management training</a></li>

<li><a href="Role_model" title="Role model">Role model</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li>

<li><a href="Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Television</a></li>

<li><a href="The_birds_and_the_bees" title="The birds and the bees">The talk (sex education)</a></li>

<li><a href="Toy" title="Toy">Toy</a> (<a href="Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">educational</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Triple_P_(parenting_program)" title="Triple P (parenting program)">Positive Parenting Program</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Child_discipline" title="Child discipline">Child discipline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blanket_training" title="Blanket training">Blanket training</a></li>

<li><a href="Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Corporal punishment in the home</a></li>

<li><a href="Curfew" title="Curfew">Curfew</a></li>

<li><a href="Grounding_(discipline_technique)" title="Grounding (discipline technique)">Grounding</a></li>

<li><a href="Positive_discipline" title="Positive discipline">Positive discipline</a></li>

<li><a href="Silent_treatment" title="Silent treatment">Tactical ignoring</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abuse</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Adverse_childhood_experiences" title="Adverse childhood experiences">Adverse childhood experiences</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_abandonment" title="Child abandonment">Child abandonment</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_abuse" title="Child abuse">Child abuse</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_labour" title="Child labour">Child labour</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_neglect" title="Child neglect">Child neglect</a></li>

<li><a href="Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li>

<li><a href="Codependency" title="Codependency">Codependency</a></li>

<li><a href="Deadbeat_parent" title="Deadbeat parent">Deadbeat parent</a></li>

<li><a href="Dysfunctional_family" title="Dysfunctional family">Dysfunctional family</a></li>

<li><a href="Effects_of_domestic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Effects of domestic violence">Effects of domestic violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a></li>

<li><a href="Management_of_domestic_violence" title="Management of domestic violence">Management of domestic violence</a></li>

<li><a href="Narcissistic_parent" title="Narcissistic parent">Narcissistic parent</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_abuse_by_children" title="Parental abuse by children">Parental abuse by children</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_alienation" title="Parental alienation">Parental alienation</a></li>

<li><a href="Stress_in_early_childhood" title="Stress in early childhood">Stress in early childhood</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Child_custody" title="Child custody">Child custody</a></li>

<li><a href="Child_support" title="Child support">Child support</a></li>

<li><a href="Disownment" title="Disownment">Disownment</a></li>

<li><a href="Family_disruption" title="Family disruption">Family disruption</a></li>

<li><a href="Right_to_family_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Right to family life">Right to family life</a></li>

<li><a href="Marriage" title="Marriage">Marriage</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_leave" title="Parental leave">Parental leave</a></li>

<li><a href="Parental_responsibility_(access_and_custody)" title="Parental responsibility (access and custody)">Parental responsibility</a></li>

<li><a href="Parents'_rights_movement" title="Parents' rights movement">Parents' rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Paternity_law" title="Paternity law">Paternity</a></li>

</ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Mary_Ainsworth" title="Mary Ainsworth">Mary Ainsworth</a></li>

<li><a href="Diana_Baumrind" title="Diana Baumrind">Diana Baumrind</a></li>

<li><a href="John_Bowlby" title="John Bowlby">John Bowlby</a></li>

<li><a href="T._Berry_Brazelton" title="T. Berry Brazelton">T. Berry Brazelton</a></li>

<li><a href="Rudolf_Dreikurs" title="Rudolf Dreikurs">Rudolf Dreikurs</a></li>

<li><a href="David_Elkind" title="David Elkind">David Elkind</a></li>

<li><a href="Jo_Frost" title="Jo Frost">Jo Frost</a></li>

<li><a href="Haim_Ginott" title="Haim Ginott">Haim Ginott</a></li>

<li><a href="Thomas_Gordon_(psychologist)" title="Thomas Gordon (psychologist)">Thomas Gordon</a></li>

<li><a href="Alan_E._Kazdin" title="Alan E. Kazdin">Alan E. Kazdin</a></li>

<li><a href="Truby_King" title="Truby King">Truby King</a></li>

<li><a href="Annette_Lareau" title="Annette Lareau">Annette Lareau</a></li>

<li><a href="Penelope_Leach" title="Penelope Leach">Penelope Leach</a></li>

<li><a href="Matthew_Sanders_(parenting_researcher)" title="Matthew Sanders (parenting researcher)">Matthew Sanders</a></li>

<li><a href="William_Sears_(physician)" title="William Sears (physician)">William Sears</a></li>

<li><a href="B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></li>

<li><a href="Benjamin_Spock" title="Benjamin Spock">Benjamin Spock</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Families_Need_Fathers" title="Families Need Fathers">Families Need Fathers</a></li>

<li><a href="Mothers'_Union" title="Mothers' Union">Mothers' Union</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Childbirth_Trust" title="National Childbirth Trust">National Childbirth Trust</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Fatherhood_Initiative" title="National Fatherhood Initiative">National Fatherhood Initiative</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Parents_Organization" title="National Parents Organization">National Parents Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="Parent%E2%80%93teacher_association" title="Parent–teacher association">Parent–teacher association</a></li>

<li><a href="Parents_Against_Child_Exploitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Parents Against Child Exploitation">Parents Against Child Exploitation</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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